Spectral Approach to Optimal Estimation of the Global Average Temperature

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1999-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. P. Shen ◽  
Gerald R. North ◽  
Kwang-Y. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Spectral Approach ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature

scholarly journals The influence of different El Niño types on global average temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2093-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Banholzer ◽  
Simon Donner
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature

International Debate Over Geoengineering and Geoengineering Governance

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750020
Author(s):  
Ying CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
International Debate ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
The Face ◽  
Heated Debate

In the face of the severe challenge of global climate change, all countries find it difficult to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2[Formula: see text]C above pre-industrial levels, let alone 1.5[Formula: see text]C. In recent years, geoengineering has gained increasingly more attention from the international community as an unconventional option to deal with climate change, and it has also provoked heated debates. This paper attempts to sort out related concepts, the focus of controversies and the research progress in terms of geoengineering, analyzes the international background of heated debate over geoengineering, probes into the governance of geoengineering under the framework of coping with climate change, and offers some suggestions for China to make strategic plans for geoengineering development.

scholarly journals Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Hawkins ◽  
Pablo Ortega ◽  
Emma Suckling ◽  
Andrew Schurer ◽  
Gabi Hegerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Global Temperature ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process agreed in Paris to limit global surface temperature rise to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.” But what period is preindustrial? Somewhat remarkably, this is not defined within the UNFCCC’s many agreements and protocols. Nor is it defined in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in the evaluation of when particular temperature levels might be reached because no robust definition of the period exists. Here we discuss the important factors to consider when defining a preindustrial period, based on estimates of historical radiative forcings and the availability of climate observations. There is no perfect period, but we suggest that 1720–1800 is the most suitable choice when discussing global temperature limits. We then estimate the change in global average temperature since preindustrial using a range of approaches based on observations, radiative forcings, global climate model simulations, and proxy evidence. Our assessment is that this preindustrial period was likely 0.55°–0.80°C cooler than 1986–2005 and that 2015 was likely the first year in which global average temperature was more than 1°C above preindustrial levels. We provide some recommendations for how this assessment might be improved in the future and suggest that reframing temperature limits with a modern baseline would be inherently less uncertain and more policy relevant.

scholarly journals Will COVID-19 Trigger Extinction of All Life on Earth?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Industrial Activity ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Global Dimming ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Abrupt Rise

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus and the associated COVID-19 is causing an abrupt reduction in industrial activity. As a result of the associated reduction in the aerosol masking effect (“global dimming”), Earth might experience an abrupt rise in global-average temperature. The current temperature of Earth is the highest with Homo sapiens present, suggesting that an abrupt rise in global-average temperature could destroy habitat for humans on Earth. Human extinction could result.

scholarly journals A Generalized Energy Balance Climate Model with Parameterized Dynamics and Diabatic Heating

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1753-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Shell ◽  
Richard C. J. Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Transport ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Hadley Cell ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Meridional Heat Transport ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Temperature

Abstract Energy balance models have proven useful in understanding mechanisms and feedbacks in the climate system. An original global energy balance model is presented here. The model is solved numerically for equilibrium climate states defined by zonal average temperature as a function of latitude for both a surface and an atmospheric layer. The effects of radiative, latent, and sensible heating are parameterized. The model includes a variable lapse rate and parameterizations of the major dynamical mechanisms responsible for meridional heat transport: the Hadley cell, midlatitude baroclinic eddies, and ocean circulation. The model reproduces both the mean variation of temperature with latitude and the global average heat budget within the uncertainty of observations. The utility of the model is demonstrated through examination of various climate feedbacks. One important feedback is the effect of the lapse rate on climate. When the planet warms as a result of an increase in the solar constant, the lapse rate acts as a negative feedback, effectively enhancing the longwave emission efficiency of the atmosphere. The lapse rate is also responsible for an increase in global average temperature when the meridional heat transport effectiveness is increased. The water vapor feedback enhances temperature changes, while the latent and sensible heating feedback reduces surface temperature changes.

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